1) ¾ð¾î (Language)
7 °³¿ù µÈ ¾î¸° ¾Æ±âµéµµ ¹®¹ýÀûÀÎ ±ÔÄ¢À» ¹è¿ì°í ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.1 °Ô´Ù°¡, »ç¶÷°úÀÇ Á¢ÃË ¾øÀÌ ÀÚ¶ó³ 36 °ÇÀÇ ¾î¸°ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸º¸°í¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾ð¾î´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹è¿ö¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ½º½º·Î ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à À̰ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̶ó¸é, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ð¾î ´É·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿© ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ð¾î°¡ ¾ø´Â ºñÀΰ£ »çȸ¿¡¼ ¾ð¾î°¡ ÁøÈÇÏ¿© »ý°Ü³µ´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â ¾ø´Ù.2 Á¤¸»·Î ¾ð¾î´Â ¾îÈÖ¿Í ¹®¹ýÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù.
¾öû³ ³ë·ÂÀ» µé¿©, Á¶·Ã»çµéÀº ħÆÒÁö¿Í °í¸±¶óµé¿¡°Ô ¼ö¹é °³ÀÇ ´Ü¾îµéÀ» ÀνĽÃ۰í, 200 ¿©°³ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£µé °¡¸®Å°±â, Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ¼ö½ÅÈ£ µîÀ» °¡¸£ÃÄ ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀλóÀûÀÎ ¾÷ÀûÀº ¿µ»ó¸Åü¿¡¼ µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ¼º°øÀ¸·Î °¡²û °úÀåµÇ¾î ÆíÁýµÇ°ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. (¸î¸î ÃʱâÀÇ »ç·ÊµéÀº Á¶·Ã»çµéÀÇ ¼û¾î¼ º¸³»´Â ½ÅÈ£µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¡À» ³²±â±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù3)
¿ø¼þÀ̵éÀº ¾ß»ý¿¡¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼úÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹°¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÈÆ·ÃµÈ µ¿¹°ÀÌ Á×¾úÀ» ¶§, Á¶·Ã»çÀÇ ÅõÀÚµµ ³¡ÀÌ ³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ¿ø¼þÀ̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹®¹ýÀûÀÎ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ´ÜÁö ¿©·¯ »ý°¢µéÀ» ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ´Ü¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¾ð¾î°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹°¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰųª, ÁøÈÇß´Ù´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ Áõ°Åµµ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ Á¾Á·µéÀº ¾ð¾î¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.4
¸¸¾à ¾ð¾î°¡ ÁøÈÇß´Ù¸é, ÃʱâÀÇ ¾ð¾îµéÀº °£´ÜÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ý´ë·Î ¾ð¾î ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °í´ë·Î °¥¼ö·Ï (¿¹·Î ¶óƾ¾î 200 B.C, ±×¸®½º¾î 800 B.C., »ê½ºÅ©¸®Æ®¾î 1500 B.C.) ¾ð¾îµéÀº ´õ º¹ÀâÇØÁ®¼, ±¸¹®, °¡Á¤, ¼º, ȹý, ÅÂ, ½ÃÁ¦, µ¿»çÇüÅ µîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ë¹ýµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº Áõ°Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¾ð¾î´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÅðȵǾú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¾ð¾î´Â ´õ º¹ÀâÇØÁö´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ´Ü¼øÇØÁ³´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.5 ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¾ð¾îÇÐÀÚµéÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¾ð¾î¿¡¼ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¾ð¾î·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °ÅºÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.6 (See Figure 137 on page 257.)
2) ¸» (Speech)
¸»Àº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼¸¸ À¯ÀÏÇÏ´Ù.7 »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ±¸Á¶(ÀÔ, ¸ñ±¸¸Û, Çô, ÈĵΠµî)¿Í, °ü³äÀûÀÎ »ý°¢µéÀ» ¹è¿ì°í Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °íµµ·Î º¹ÀâÇÑ È¸·Î¸ÁÀÎ ³ú¸¦ ÇÔ²² °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÜÁö ¼Ò¼öÀÇ µ¿¹°¸¸ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Ò¸® ÀϺθ¦ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÈĵÎ(larynx)´Â ¸ñ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ±ä °ø±â ±âµÕ(a long air column)ÀÌ ¼º´ë À§¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸ðÀ½À» ¼Ò¸®³»´Â µ¥¿¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿ø¼þÀ̵é(Apes)Àº ¸ðÀ½À» ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÀ½ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ±ä °ø±â ±âµÕÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ Çô µÚÂÊÀº ¸ñ ±í¼÷ÀÌ È®ÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¼, ¼Ò¸®°¡ °ø¸íÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀ» µ½µµ·Ï °ø±âÈ帧À» Á¶ÀýÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø¼þÀÌ´Â ³³ÀÛÇÏ°í ¼öÆòÀûÀÎ Çô¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¼, ¼Ò¸®ÀÇ °ø¸íÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.8 ¿ø¼þÀ̰¡ ¸»À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ý¸®±¸Á¶¸¦ ÁøÈ¸¦ ÅëÇØ °®°ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ¾ð¾îÀÇ ±â¼ú, ƯÈ÷ ¹®¹ý°ú ¾îÈÖ¸¦ ¹è¿ì±â À§ÇÑ º¹ÀâÇÑ È¸·Î¸ÁÀÎ ³ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¾µ¸ð ¾ø°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
*ÂüÁ¶ : The origins of language: an investigation of various theories
http://creationontheweb.com/images/pdfs/tj/j18_3/j18_3_24-27.pdf
The origin of language and communication
http://creationontheweb.com/images/pdfs/tj/j17_3/j17_3_93-101.pdf
The development of languages is nothing like biological evolution
http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1638
Reference and Notes
1. G. F. Marcus et al., 'Rule Learning by Seven-Month-Old Infants,¡± Science, Vol. 283, 1 January 1999, pp. 77-80.
2. Arthur Custance, Genesis and Early Man (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975), pp. 250-271.
'Nobody knows how [language] began. There doesn¡¯t seem to be anything like syntax in non-human animals and it is hard to imagine evolutionary forerunners of it.¡± Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998), p. 294.
3.'Projects devoted to teaching chimpanzees and gorillas to use language have shown that these apes can learn vocabularies of visual symbols. There is no evidence, however, that apes can combine such symbols in order to create new meanings. The function of the symbols of an ape¡¯s vocabulary appears to be not so much to identify things or to convey information as it is to satisfy a demand that it use that symbol in order to obtain some reward.¡± H. S. Terrance et al., 'Can an Ape Create a Sentence?¡± Science, Vol. 206, 23 November 1979, p. 900.
'... human language appears to be a unique phenomenon, without significant analogue in the animal world.¡± Noam Chomsky, Language and Mind (Chicago: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1968), p. 59.
4.'No languageless community has ever been found.¡± Jean Aitchison, The Atlas of Languages (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996), p. 10
5. David C. C. Watson, The Great Brain Robbery (Chicago: Moody Press, 1976), pp. 83-89.
'Many other attempts have been made to determine the evolutionary origin of language, and all have failed. ... Even the peoples with least complex cultures have highly sophisticated languages, with complex grammar and large vocabularies, capable of naming and discussing anything that occurs in the sphere occupied by their speakers. ... The oldest language that can reasonably be reconstructed is already modern, sophisticated, complete from an evolutionary point of view.¡± George Gaylord Simpson, 'The Biological Nature of Man,¡± Science, Vol. 152, 22 April 1966, p. 477.
George Gaylord Simpson acknowledges the vast gulf that separates animal communication and human languages. Although he recognizes the apparent pattern of language development from complex to simple, he cannot digest it. He simply says, 'Yet it is incredible that the first language could have been the most complex.¡± He then shifts to a new subject. George Gaylord Simpson, Biology and Man (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1969), p. 116.
'There is no reason to suppose that the ¡®gaps¡¯ [in language development between apes and man] are bridgeable.¡± Chomsky, p. 60.
'The evolution of language, at least within the historical period, is a story of progressive simplification.¡± Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, 2nd edition (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957), p. 10.
'The so-called primitive languages can throw no light on language origins, since most of them are actually more complicated in grammar than the tongues spoken by civilized peoples.¡± Ralph Linton, The Tree of Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957), p. 9.
6.'It was Charles Darwin who first linked the evolution of languages to biology. In The Descent of Man (1871), he wrote, ¡®the formation of different languages and of distinct species, and the proofs that both have been developed through a gradual process, are curiously parallel.¡¯ But linguists cringe at the idea that evolution might transform simple languages into complex ones. Today it is believed that no language is, in any basic way, ¡®prior¡¯ to any other, living or dead. Language alters even as we speak it, but it neither improves nor degenerates.¡± Philip E. Ross, 'Hard Words,¡± Scientific American, Vol. 264, April 1991, p. 144.
'Norm Chomsky ... has firmly established his point that grammar, and in particular syntax, is innate. Interested linguistics people ... are busily speculating on how the language function could have evolved ... Derek Bickerton (Univ. Hawaii) insists that this faculty must have come into being all at once.¡± John Maddox, 'The Price of Language?¡± Nature, Vol. 388, 31 July 1977, p. 424.
7. Mark P. Cosgrove, The Amazing Body Human (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1987), pp. 106-109.
'If we are honest, we will face the facts and admit that we can find no evolutionary development to explain our unique speech center [in the human brain].¡± Ibid., p. 164.
8. Jeffrey T. Laitman, 'The Anatomy of Human Speech,¡± Natural History, August 1984, pp. 20-26.
'Chimpanzees communicate with each other by making vocal sounds just as most mammals do, but they don¡¯t have the capacity for true language, either verbally or by using signs and symbols. ... Therefore, the speech sound production ability of a chimpanzee vocal tract is extremely limited, because it lacks the ability to produce the segmental contrast of consonants and vowels in a series. ... I conclude that all of the foregoing basic structural and functional deficiencies of the chimpanzee vocal tract, which interfere or limit the production of speech sounds, also pertain to all of the other nonhuman primates.¡± Edmund S. Crelin, The Human Vocal Tract (New York: Vantage Press, 1987), pp. 83-88.